In patients with thalassemia, the high levels of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and erythroferrin can also inhibit the production of hepcidin (55, 56)
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If a patient does not respond to the first-line therapy (amitriptyline, cyproheptadine, and/or propranolol) the following options should be considered: (1) presence of persisting triggers (e.g., psychological stressors) and comorbid conditions (e.g., anxiety, POTS) or missed underlying disorders (e.g., hydronephrosis, chronic sinusitis, acute appendicitis, intestinal malrotation with volvulus, CNS tumors, metabolic crises) and toxic exposure (e.g., cannabis)
It comprises eight reactions and eight intermediates that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and carbon dioxide
Therefore, managing drug-induced AP necessitates discontinuing the causative medication and providing supportive care
(2024) 103:e37326
